| Internet-Draft | Key Update for OSCORE (KUDOS) | July 2023 |
| Höglund & Tiloca | Expires 11 January 2024 | [Page] |
This document defines Key Update for OSCORE (KUDOS), a lightweight procedure that two CoAP endpoints can use to update their keying material by establishing a new OSCORE Security Context. Accordingly, it updates the use of the OSCORE flag bits in the CoAP OSCORE Option as well as the protection of CoAP response messages with OSCORE, and it deprecates the key update procedure specified in Appendix B.2 of RFC 8613. Thus, this document updates RFC 8613. Also, this document defines a procedure that two endpoints can use to update their OSCORE identifiers, run either stand-alone or during a KUDOS execution.¶
This note is to be removed before publishing as an RFC.¶
Discussion of this document takes place on the Constrained RESTful Environments Working Group mailing list (core@ietf.org), which is archived at https://mailarchive.ietf.org/arch/browse/core/.¶
Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at https://github.com/core-wg/oscore-key-update.¶
This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79.¶
Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet-Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/.¶
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This Internet-Draft will expire on 11 January 2024.¶
Copyright (c) 2023 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.¶
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Object Security for Constrained RESTful Environments (OSCORE) [RFC8613] provides end-to-end protection of CoAP [RFC7252] messages at the application-layer, ensuring message confidentiality and integrity, replay protection, as well as binding of response to request between a sender and a recipient.¶
To ensure secure communication when using OSCORE, peers may need to update their shared keying material. Among other reasons, approaching key usage limits [I-D.irtf-cfrg-aead-limits][I-D.ietf-core-oscore-key-limits] requires updating the OSCORE keying material before communications can securely continue.¶
This document updates [RFC8613] as follows.¶
Furthermore, this document specifies a method that two peers can use to update their OSCORE identifiers. This can be run as a stand-alone procedure, or instead integrated in a KUDOS execution.¶
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.¶
Readers are expected to be familiar with the terms and concepts related to CoAP [RFC7252], Observe [RFC7641], CBOR [RFC8949], OSCORE [RFC8613] and EDHOC [I-D.ietf-lake-edhoc].¶
This document additionally defines the following terminology.¶
Two peers communicating using OSCORE may choose to renew their shared keying information by establishing a new OSCORE Security Context for a variety of reasons. A particular reason is approaching limits set for safe key usage [I-D.ietf-core-oscore-key-limits]. Practically, when the relevant limits have been reached for an OSCORE Security Context, the two peers have to establish a new OSCORE Security Context, in order to continue using OSCORE for secure communication. That is, the two peers have to establish new Sender and Recipient Keys, as the keys actually used by the AEAD algorithm.¶
In addition to approaching the key usage limits, there may be other reasons for a peer to initiate a key update procedure. These include: the OSCORE Security Context approaching its expiration time; application policies prescribing a regular key rollover; approaching the exhaustion of the Sender Sequence Number space in the OSCORE Sender Context.¶
It is RECOMMENDED that the peer initiating the key update procedure starts it with some margin, i.e., well before actually experiencing the trigger event forcing to perform a key update, e.g., the OSCORE Security Context expiration or the exhaustion of the Sender Sequence Number space. If the rekeying is not initiated ahead of these events, it may become practically impossible to perform a key update with certain methods.¶
Other specifications define a number of ways for rekeying OSCORE, as summarized below.¶
The two peers can run the procedure defined in Appendix B.2 of [RFC8613]. That is, the two peers exchange three or four messages, protected with temporary Security Contexts adding randomness to the ID Context.¶
As a result, the two peers establish a new OSCORE Security Context with new ID Context, Sender Key and Recipient Key, while keeping the same OSCORE Master Secret and OSCORE Master Salt from the old OSCORE Security Context.¶
This procedure does not require any additional components to what OSCORE already provides, and it does not provide forward secrecy.¶
The procedure defined in Appendix B.2 of [RFC8613] is used in 6TiSCH networks [RFC7554][RFC8180] when handling failure events. That is, a node acting as Join Registrar/Coordinator (JRC) assists new devices, namely "pledges", to securely join the network as per the Constrained Join Protocol [RFC9031]. In particular, a pledge exchanges OSCORE-protected messages with the JRC, from which it obtains a short identifier, link-layer keying material and other configuration parameters. As per Section 8.3.3 of [RFC9031], a JRC that experiences a failure event may likely lose information about joined nodes, including their assigned identifiers. Then, the reinitialized JRC can establish a new OSCORE Security Context with each pledge, through the procedure defined in Appendix B.2 of [RFC8613].¶
The two peers can run the OSCORE profile [RFC9203] of the Authentication and Authorization for Constrained Environments (ACE) Framework [RFC9200].¶
When a CoAP client uploads an Access Token to a CoAP server as an access credential, the two peers also exchange two nonces. Then, the two peers use the two nonces together with information provided by the ACE Authorization Server that issued the Access Token, in order to derive an OSCORE Security Context.¶
This procedure does not provide forward secrecy.¶
The two peers can run the EDHOC key exchange protocol based on Diffie-Hellman and defined in [I-D.ietf-lake-edhoc], in order to establish a pseudo-random key in a mutually authenticated way.¶
Then, the two peers can use the established pseudo-random key to derive external application keys. This allows the two peers to securely derive an OSCORE Master Secret and an OSCORE Master Salt, from which an OSCORE Security Context can be established.¶
This procedure additionally provides forward secrecy.¶
EDHOC also specifies an optional function, EDHOC_KeyUpdate, to perform a key update in a more efficient way than re-running EDHOC. The two communicating peers call EDHOC_KeyUpdate with equivalent input, which results in derivation of a new shared pseudo-random key. Usage of EDHOC_KeyUpdate preserves forward secrecy.¶
If one peer is acting as LwM2M Client and the other peer as LwM2M Server, according to the OMA Lightweight Machine to Machine Core specification [LwM2M], then the LwM2M Client peer may take the initiative to bootstrap again with the LwM2M Bootstrap Server, and receive again an OSCORE Security Context. Alternatively, the LwM2M Server can instruct the LwM2M Client to initiate this procedure.¶
If the OSCORE Security Context information on the LwM2M Bootstrap Server has been updated, the LwM2M Client will thus receive a fresh OSCORE Security Context to use with the LwM2M Server.¶
In addition to that, the LwM2M Client, the LwM2M Server as well as the LwM2M Bootstrap server are required to use the procedure defined in Appendix B.2 of [RFC8613] and overviewed above, when they use a certain OSCORE Security Context for the first time [LwM2M-Transport].¶
Manually updating the OSCORE Security Context at the two peers should be a last resort option, and it might often be not practical or feasible.¶
Even when any of the alternatives mentioned above is available, it is RECOMMENDED that two OSCORE peers update their Security Context by using the KUDOS procedure as defined in Section 4 of this document.¶
The protection of CoAP responses with OSCORE is updated, by adding the following text at the end of step 3 of Section 8.3 of [RFC8613].¶
If the server is using a different Security Context for the response compared to what was used to verify the request (e.g., due to an occurred key update), then the server MUST take the second alternative. That is, the server MUST include its Sender Sequence Number as Partial IV in the response and use it to build the AEAD nonce to protect the response.¶
This prevents the server from using the same AEAD (key, nonce) pair for two responses, protected with different OSCORE Security Contexts. An exception is the procedure in Appendix B.2 of [RFC8613], which is secure although not complying with the above.¶
This section defines KUDOS, a lightweight procedure that two OSCORE peers can use to update their keying material and establish a new OSCORE Security Context.¶
KUDOS relies on the OSCORE Option defined in [RFC8613] and extended as defined in Section 4.1, as well as on the support function updateCtx() defined in Section 4.2.¶
In order to run KUDOS, two peers perform a message exchange of OSCORE-protected CoAP messages. This message exchange between the two peers is defined in Section 4.3, with particular reference to the stateful FS mode providing forward secrecy. Building on the same message exchange, the possible use of the stateless no-FS mode is defined in Section 4.5, as intended to peers that are not able to write in non-volatile memory. Two peers MUST run KUDOS in FS mode if they are both capable to.¶
The key update procedure has the following properties.¶
In order to support the message exchange for establishing a new OSCORE Security Context, this document extends the use of the OSCORE Option originally defined in [RFC8613] as follows.¶
This document defines the usage of the eight least significant bit, called "Extension-1 Flag", in the first byte of the OSCORE Option containing the OSCORE flag bits. This flag bit is specified in Section 7.2.¶
When the Extension-1 Flag is set to 1, the second byte of the OSCORE Option MUST include the OSCORE flag bits 8-15.¶
This document defines the usage of the least significant bit "Nonce Flag", 'd', in the second byte of the OSCORE Option containing the OSCORE flag bits 8-15. This flag bit is specified in Section 7.2.¶
When it is set to 1, the compressed COSE object contains a 'nonce', to be used for the steps defined in Section 4.3. The 1 byte 'x' following 'kid context' (if any) encodes the size of 'nonce', together with signaling bits that indicate the specific behavior to adopt during the KUDOS execution. Specifically, the encoding of 'x' is as follows:¶
Hereafter, this document refers to a message where the 'd' flag is set to 0 as "non KUDOS (request/response) message", and to a message where the 'd' flag is set to 1 as "KUDOS (request/response) message".¶
Figure 1 shows the OSCORE Option value including also 'nonce'.¶
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 <----- n bytes ----->
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---------------------+
|1|0|0|h|k| n | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | d | Partial IV (if any) |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---+---------------------+
<- 1 byte -> <----- s bytes ------> <- 1 byte -> <--- m + 1 bytes --->
+------------+----------------------+---------------------------------+
| s (if any) | kid context (if any) | x (if any) | nonce (if any) |
+------------+----------------------+------------+--------------------+
/ \____
/ |
/ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 |
+------------------+ | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
| kid (if any) ... | | |0|0|b|p| m | |
+------------------+ | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |
The updateCtx() function shown in Figure 2 takes as input three parameters X, N and CTX_IN. In particular, X and N are built from the 'x' and 'nonce' fields transported in the OSCORE Option value of the exchanged KUDOS messages (see Section 4.3.1), while CTX_IN is the OSCORE Security Context to update. The function returns a new OSCORE Security Context CTX_OUT.¶
As a first step, the updateCtx() function builds the two CBOR byte strings X_cbor and N_cbor, with value the input parameter X and N, respectively. Then, it builds X_N, as the byte concatenation of X_cbor and N_cbor.¶
After that, the updateCtx() function derives the new values of the Master Secret and Master Salt for CTX_OUT. In particular, the new Master Secret is derived through a KUDOS-Expand() step, which takes as input the Master Secret value from the Security Context CTX_IN, the literal string "key update", X_N and the length of the Master Secret. Instead, the new Master Salt takes N as value.¶
The definition of KUDOS-Expand depends on the key derivation function used for OSCORE by the two peers, as specified in CTX_IN.¶
If the key derivation function is an HKDF Algorithm (see Section 3.1 of [RFC8613]), then KUDOS-Expand is mapped to HKDF-Expand [RFC5869], as shown below. Also, the hash algorithm is the same one used by the HKDF Algorithm specified in CTX_IN.¶
KUDOS-Expand(CTX_IN.MasterSecret, ExpandLabel, oscore_key_length) =
HKDF-Expand(CTX_IN.MasterSecret, ExpandLabel, oscore_key_length)
¶
If a future specification updates [RFC8613] by admitting different key derivation functions than HKDF Algorithms (e.g., KMAC as based on the SHAKE128 or SHAKE256 hash functions), that specification has to update also the present document in order to define the mapping between such key derivation functions and KUDOS-Expand.¶
When an HKDF Algorithm is used, the derivation of new values follows the same approach used in TLS 1.3, which is also based on HKDF-Expand (see Section 7.1 of [RFC8446]) and used for computing new keying material in case of key update (see Section 4.6.3 of [RFC8446]).¶
After that, the new Master Secret and Master Salt parameters are used to derive a new Security Context CTX_OUT as per Section 3.2 of [RFC8613]. Any other parameter required for the derivation takes the same value as in the Security Context CTX_IN. Finally, the function returns the newly derived Security Context CTX_OUT.¶
Since the updateCtx() function also takes X as input, the derivation of CTX_OUT also considers as input the information from the 'x' field transported in the OSCORE Option value of the exchanged KUDOS messages. In turn, this ensures that, if successfully completed, a KUDOS execution occurs as intended by the two peers.¶
updateCtx(X, N, CTX_IN) {
CTX_OUT // The new Security Context
MSECRET_NEW // The new Master Secret
MSALT_NEW // The new Master Salt
X_cbor = bstr .cbor X // CBOR bstr wrapping of X
N_cbor = bstr .cbor N // CBOR bstr wrapping of N
X_N = X_cbor | N_cbor
oscore_key_length = < Size of CTX_IN.MasterSecret in bytes >
Label = "key update"
MSECRET_NEW = KUDOS-Expand-Label(CTX_IN.MasterSecret, Label,
X_N, oscore_key_length)
= KUDOS-Expand(CTX_IN.MasterSecret, ExpandLabel,
oscore_key_length)
MSALT_NEW = N;
< Derive CTX_OUT using MSECRET_NEW and MSALT_NEW,
together with other parameters from CTX_IN >
Return CTX_OUT;
}
Where ExpandLabel is defined as
struct {
uint16 length = oscore_key_length;
opaque label<7..255> = "oscore " + Label;
opaque context<0..255> = X_N;
} ExpandLabel;
This section defines the actual KUDOS procedure performed by two peers to update their OSCORE keying material. A peer may want to run KUDOS for a variety of reasons, including expiration of the OSCORE Security Context, approaching limits for key usage [I-D.ietf-core-oscore-key-limits], application policies, and imminent exhaustion of the OSCORE Sender Sequence Number space. The expiration time of an OSCORE Security Context and the key usage limits are hard limits, at which point a peer MUST stop using the keying material in the OSCORE Security Context and has to perform a rekeying before resuming secure communication with the other peer. However, KUDOS can also be used for active rekeying, and a peer may run the KUDOS procedure at any point in time and for any reason.¶
Before starting KUDOS, the two peers share the OSCORE Security Context CTX_OLD. Once successfully completed the KUDOS execution, the two peers agree on a newly established OSCORE Security Context CTX_NEW.¶
The following specifically defines how KUDOS is run in its stateful FS mode achieving forward secrecy. That is, in the OSCORE Option value of all the exchanged KUDOS messages, the "No Forward Secrecy" bit is set to 0.¶
In order to run KUDOS in FS mode, both peers have to be able to write in non-volatile memory. From the newly derived Security Context CTX_NEW, the peers MUST store to non-volatile memory the immutable parts of the OSCORE Security Context as specified in Section 3.1 of [RFC8613], with the possible exception of the Common IV, Sender Key, and Recipient Key that can be derived again when needed, as specified in Section 3.2.1 of [RFC8613]. If the peer is unable to write in non-volatile memory, the two peers have to run KUDOS in its stateless no-FS mode (see Section 4.5).¶
When running KUDOS, each peer contributes by generating a random nonce value N1 or N2, and providing it to the other peer. The size of the nonces N1 and N2 is application specific, and the use of 8 byte nonce values is RECOMMENDED.¶
Furthermore, X1 and X2 are the value of the 'x' byte specified in the OSCORE Option of the first and second KUDOS message, respectively. As defined in Section 4.3.1, these values are used by the peers to build the input N and X to the updateCtx() function, in order to derive a new OSCORE Security Context. As for any new OSCORE Security Context, the Sender Sequence Number and the replay window are re-initialized accordingly (see Section 3.2.2 of [RFC8613]).¶
Once a peer has successfully derived the new OSCORE Security Context CTX_NEW, that peer MUST use CTX_NEW to protect outgoing non KUDOS messages, and MUST NOT use the originally shared OSCORE Security Context CTX_OLD for protecting outgoing messages. Once CTX_NEW has been derived, a peer deletes any OSCORE Security Context older than CTX_OLD with the same ID Context. This can for instance occur in the forward message flow when the initiator has just received KUDOS Response #1 and immediately starts KUDOS again as initiator, before sending any non KUDOS messages which would give the responder key confirmation and allow it to safely discard CTX_OLD.¶
Also, that peer MUST terminate all the ongoing observations [RFC7641] that it has with the other peer as protected with the old Security Context CTX_OLD, unless the two peers have explicitly agreed otherwise as defined in Section 4.6. More specifically, if either or both peers indicate the wish to cancel their observations, those will be all cancelled following a successful KUDOS execution.¶
Note that, even though that peer had no real reason to update its OSCORE keying material, running KUDOS can be intentionally exploited as a more efficient way to terminate all the ongoing observations with the other peer, compared to sending one cancellation request per observation (see Section 3.6 of [RFC7641]).¶
Once a peer has successfully decrypted and verified an incoming message protected with CTX_NEW, that peer MUST discard the old Security Context CTX_OLD.¶
The peer starting the KUDOS execution is denoted as initiator, while the other peer is denoted as responder.¶
KUDOS may run with the initiator acting either as CoAP client or CoAP server. The former case is denoted as the "forward message flow" (see Section 4.3.1) and the latter as the "reverse message flow" (see Section 4.3.2). The following properties hold for both the forward and reverse message flow.¶
This situation, however, should not pose significant problems even for a constrained server operating at a capacity of one request per second, thus ensuring the reliability and robustness of the system even under such circumstances.¶
Once a peer acting as initiator (responder) has sent (received) the first KUDOS message, that peer MUST NOT send a non KUDOS message to the other peer, until having completed the key update process on its side. The initiator completes the key update process when receiving the second KUDOS message and successfully verifying it with CTX_NEW. The responder completes the key update process when sending the second KUDOS message, as protected with CTX_NEW.¶
In particular, CTX_OLD is the most recent OSCORE Security Context that a peer has with a given ID Context, before initiating KUDOS, or upon having received and successfully verified the first KUDOS message. In turn, CTX_NEW is the most recent OSCORE Security Context that a peer has, with a given ID Context, before sending the second KUDOS message, or upon having received and successfully verified the second KUDOS message.¶
In the following sections, 'Comb(a,b)' denotes the byte concatenation of two CBOR byte strings, where the first one has value 'a' and the second one has value 'b'. That is, Comb(a,b) = bstr .cbor a | bstr .cbor b, where | denotes byte concatenation.¶
Figure 3 shows an example of KUDOS run in the forward message flow, with the client acting as KUDOS initiator.¶
Client Server
(initiator) (responder)
| |
Generate N1 | |
| |
CTX_1 = updateCtx( | |
X1, | |
N1, | |
CTX_OLD) | |
| |
| Request #1 |
Protect with CTX_1 |--------------------->| /.well-known/kudos
| OSCORE { |
| ... |
| d flag: 1 | CTX_1 = updateCtx(
| x: X1 | X1,
| nonce: N1 | N1,
| ... | CTX_OLD)
| } |
| Encrypted Payload { | Verify with CTX_1
| ... |
| } | Generate N2
| |
| | CTX_NEW = updateCtx(
| | Comb(X1,X2),
| | Comb(N1,N2),
| | CTX_OLD)
| |
| Response #1 |
|<---------------------| Protect with CTX_NEW
| OSCORE { |
| ... |
CTX_NEW = updateCtx( | Partial IV: 0 |
Comb(X1,X2), | ... |
Comb(N1,N2), | d flag: 1 |
CTX_OLD) | x: X2 |
| nonce: N2 |
Verify with CTX_NEW | ... |
| } |
Discard CTX_OLD | Encrypted Payload { |
| ... |
| } |
| |
// The actual key update process ends here.
// The two peers can use the new Security Context CTX_NEW.
| |
| Request #2 |
Protect with CTX_NEW |--------------------->| /temp
| OSCORE { |
| ... |
| } | Verify with CTX_NEW
| Encrypted Payload { |
| ... | Discard CTX_OLD
| Application Payload |
| } |
| |
| Response #2 |
|<---------------------| Protect with CTX_NEW
| OSCORE { |
| ... |
Verify with CTX_NEW | } |
| Encrypted Payload { |
| ... |
| Application Payload |
| } |
| |
First, the client generates a random value N1, and uses the nonce N = N1 and X = X1 together with the old Security Context CTX_OLD, in order to derive a temporary Security Context CTX_1.¶
Then, the client prepares a CoAP request targeting the well-known KUDOS resource (see Section 4.8.3), by targeting the resource at "/.well-known/kudos". The client protects this CoAP request using CTX_1 and sends it to the server. In particular, the request has the 'd' flag bit set to 1, and specifies X1 as 'x' and N1 as 'nonce' (see Section 4.1). After that, the client deletes CTX_1.¶
Upon receiving the OSCORE request, the server retrieves the value N1 from the 'nonce' field of the request, the value X1 from the 'x' byte of the OSCORE Option, and provides the updateCtx() function with the input N = N1, X = X1 and CTX_OLD, in order to derive the temporary Security Context CTX_1.¶
Figure 4 shows an example of how the two peers compute X and N provided as input to the updateCtx() function, and how they compute X_N within the updateCtx() function, when deriving CTX_1 (see Section 4.2).¶
X1 and N1 expressed as raw values X1 = 0x80 N1 = 0x018a278f7faab55a updateCtx() is called with X = 0x80 N = 0x018a278f7faab55a In updateCtx(), X_cbor and N_cbor are built as CBOR byte strings X_cbor = 0x4180 (h'80') N_cbor = 0x48018a278f7faab55a (h'018a278f7faab55a') In updateCtx(), X_N is the byte concatenation of X_cbor and N_cbor X_N = 0x418048018a278f7faab55a
Then, the server verifies the request by using the Security Context CTX_1.¶
After that, the server generates a random value N2, and uses N = Comb(N1, N2) and X = Comb(X1, X2) together with CTX_OLD, in order to derive the new Security Context CTX_NEW.¶
An example of this nonce processing on the server with values for N1, X1, N2, and X2 is presented in Figure 5.¶
X1, X2, N1, and N2 expressed as raw values
X1 = 0x80
X2 = 0x80
N1 = 0x018a278f7faab55a
N2 = 0x25a8991cd700ac01
X1, X2, N1, and N2 as CBOR byte strings
X1 = 0x4180 (h'80')
X2 = 0x4180 (h'80')
N1 = 0x48018a278f7faab55a (h'018a278f7faab55a')
N2 = 0x4825a8991cd700ac01 (h'25a8991cd700ac01')
updateCtx() is called with
X = 0x41804180
N = 0x48018a278f7faab55a4825a8991cd700ac01
In updateCtx(), X_cbor and N_cbor are built as CBOR byte strings
X_cbor = 0x4441804180 (h'41804180')
N_cbor = 0x5248018a278f7faab55a4825a8991cd700ac01
(h'48018a278f7faab55a4825a8991cd700ac01')
In updateCtx(), X_N is the byte concatenation of X_cbor and N_cbor
X_N = 0x44418041805248018a278f7faab55a4825a8991cd700ac01
Then, the server sends an OSCORE response to the client, protected with CTX_NEW. In particular, the response has the 'd' flag bit set to 1 and specifies N2 as 'nonce'. Consistently with Section 3, the server includes its Sender Sequence Number as Partial IV in the response. After that, the server deletes CTX_1.¶
Upon receiving the OSCORE response, the client retrieves the value N2 from the 'nonce' field of the response, and the value X2 from the 'x' byte of the OSCORE Option. Since the client has received a response to an OSCORE request that it made with the 'd' flag bit set to 1, the client provides the updateCtx() function with the input N = Comb(N1, N2), X = Comb(X1, X2) and CTX_OLD, in order to derive CTX_NEW. Finally, the client verifies the response by using CTX_NEW and deletes CTX_OLD.¶
From then on, the two peers can protect their message exchanges by using CTX_NEW. As soon as the server successfully verifies an incoming message protected with CTX_NEW, the server deletes CTX_OLD.¶
In the example in Figure 3, the client takes the initiative and sends a new OSCORE request protected with CTX_NEW.¶
In case the server does not successfully verify the request, the same error handling specified in Section 8.2 of [RFC8613] applies. This does not result in deleting CTX_NEW. If the server successfully verifies the request using CTX_NEW, the server deletes CTX_OLD and can reply with an OSCORE response protected with CTX_NEW.¶
Note that the server achieves key confirmation only when receiving a message from the client as protected with CTX_NEW. If the server sends a non KUDOS request to the client protected with CTX_NEW before then, and the server receives a 4.01 (Unauthorized) error response as reply, the server SHOULD delete CTX_NEW and start a new KUDOS execution acting as CoAP client, i.e., as initiator in the forward message flow.¶
Also note that, if both peers reboot simultaneously, they will run the KUDOS forward message flow as defined in this section. That is, one of the two peers implementing a CoAP client will send KUDOS Request #1 in Figure 3.¶
Before sending the KUDOS message Request #1 in Figure 3, the client MUST ensure that it has no outstanding interactions with the server (see Section 4.7 of [RFC7252]), with the exception of ongoing observations [RFC7641] with that server.¶
If there are any, the client MUST NOT initiate the KUDOS execution, before either: i) having all those outstanding interactions cleared; or ii) freeing up the Token values used with those outstanding interactions, with the exception of ongoing observations with the server.¶
Later on, this prevents a non KUDOS response protected with CTX_NEW from cryptographically matching with both the corresponding request also protected with CTX_NEW and with an older request protected with CTX_OLD, in case the two requests were protected using the same OSCORE Partial IV.¶
During an ongoing KUDOS execution the client MUST NOT send any non-KUDOS requests to the server. This could otherwise be possible, if the client is using a value of NSTART greater than 1 (see Section 4.7 of [RFC7252]).¶
Figure 6 shows an example of KUDOS run in the reverse message flow, with the server acting as initiator.¶
Client Server
(responder) (initiator)
| |
| Request #1 |
Protect with CTX_OLD |--------------------->| /temp
| OSCORE { |
| ... |
| } | Verify with CTX_OLD
| Encrypted Payload { |
| ... | Generate N1
| Application Payload |
| } | CTX_1 = updateCtx(
| | X1,
| | N1,
| | CTX_OLD)
| |
| Response #1 |
|<---------------------| Protect with CTX_1
| OSCORE { |
| ... |
CTX_1 = updateCtx( | Partial IV: 0 |
X1, | ... |
N1, | d flag: 1 |
CTX_OLD) | x: X1 |
| nonce: N1 |
Verify with CTX_1 | ... |
| } |
Generate N2 | Encrypted Payload { |
| ... |
CTX_NEW = updateCtx( | } |
Comb(X1,X2), | |
Comb(N1,N2), | |
CTX_OLD) | |
| |
| Request #2 |
Protect with CTX_NEW |--------------------->| /.well-known/kudos
| OSCORE { |
| ... |
| d flag: 1 | CTX_NEW = updateCtx(
| x: X2 | Comb(X1,X2),
| nonce: N1|N2 | Comb(N1,N2),
| ... | CTX_OLD)
| } |
| Encrypted Payload { | Verify with CTX_NEW
| ... |
| Application Payload |
| } | Discard CTX_OLD
| |
// The actual key update process ends here.
// The two peers can use the new Security Context CTX_NEW.
| |
| Response #2 |
|<---------------------| Protect with CTX_NEW
| OSCORE { |
| ... |
Verify with CTX_NEW | } |
| Encrypted Payload { |
Discard CTX_OLD | ... |
| Application Payload |
| } |
| |
First, the client sends a normal OSCORE request to the server, protected with the old Security Context CTX_OLD and with the 'd' flag bit set to 0.¶
Upon receiving the OSCORE request and after having verified it with CTX_OLD as usual, the server generates a random value N1 and provides the updateCtx() function with the input N = N1, X = X1 and CTX_OLD, in order to derive the temporary Security Context CTX_1.¶
Then, the server sends an OSCORE response to the client, protected with CTX_1. In particular, the response has the 'd' flag bit set to 1 and specifies N1 as 'nonce' (see Section 4.1). After that, the server deletes CTX_1. Consistently with Section 3, the server includes its Sender Sequence Number as Partial IV in the response. After that, the server deletes CTX_1.¶
Upon receiving the OSCORE response, the client retrieves the value N1 from the 'nonce' field of the response, the value X1 from the 'x' byte of the OSCORE Option, and provides the updateCtx() function with the input N = N1, X = X1 and CTX_OLD, in order to derive the temporary Security Context CTX_1.¶
Then, the client verifies the response by using the Security Context CTX_1.¶
After that, the client generates a random value N2, and provides the updateCtx() function with the input N = Comb(N1, N2), X = Comb(X1, X2) and CTX_OLD, in order to derive the new Security Context CTX_NEW. Then, the client sends an OSCORE request to the server, protected with CTX_NEW. In particular, the request has the 'd' flag bit set to 1 and specifies N1 | N2 as 'nonce'. After that, the client deletes CTX_1.¶
Upon receiving the OSCORE request, the server retrieves the value N1 | N2 from the request and the value X2 from the 'x' byte of the OSCORE Option. Then, the server verifies that: i) the value N1 is identical to the value N1 specified in a previous OSCORE response with the 'd' flag bit set to 1; and ii) the value N1 | N2 has not been received before in an OSCORE request with the 'd' flag bit set to 1.¶
If the verification succeeds, the server provides the updateCtx() function with the input N = Comb(N1, N2), X = Comb(X1, X2) and CTX_OLD, in order to derive the new Security Context CTX_NEW. Finally, the server verifies the request by using CTX_NEW and deletes CTX_OLD.¶
From then on, the two peers can protect their message exchanges by using CTX_NEW. In particular, as shown in the example in Figure 6, the server can send an OSCORE response protected with CTX_NEW.¶
In case the client does not successfully verify the response, the same error handling specified in Section 8.4 of [RFC8613] applies. This does not result in deleting CTX_NEW. If the client successfully verifies the response using CTX_NEW, the client deletes CTX_OLD. Note that if the verification of the response fails, the client may want to send again the normal OSCORE request to the server it initially sent (to /temp in the example above), in order to ensure retrieval of the resource representation.¶
More generally, as soon as the client successfully verifies an incoming message protected with CTX_NEW, the client deletes CTX_OLD.¶
Note that the client achieves key confirmation only when receiving a message from the server as protected with CTX_NEW. If the client sends a non KUDOS request to the server protected with CTX_NEW before then, and the client receives a 4.01 (Unauthorized) error response as reply, the client SHOULD delete CTX_NEW and start a new KUDOS execution acting again as CoAP client, i.e., as initiator in the forward message flow (see Section 4.3.1).¶
Before sending the KUDOS message Request #2 in Figure 6, the client MUST ensure that it has no outstanding interactions with the server (see Section 4.7 of [RFC7252]), with the exception of ongoing observations [RFC7641] with that server.¶
If there are any, the client MUST NOT initiate the KUDOS execution, before either: i) having all those outstanding interactions cleared; or ii) freeing up the Token values used with those outstanding interactions, with the exception of ongoing observations with the server.¶
Later on, this prevents a non KUDOS response protected with the new Security Context CTX_NEW from cryptographically matching with both the corresponding request also protected with CTX_NEW and with an older request protected with CTX_OLD, in case the two requests were protected using the same OSCORE Partial IV.¶
During an ongoing KUDOS execution the client MUST NOT send any non-KUDOS requests to the server. This could otherwise be possible, if the client is using a value of NSTART greater than 1 (see Section 4.7 of [RFC7252]).¶
This section defines how to avoid a deadlock in different scenarios.¶
In this scenario, an execution of KUDOS fails at PEER_1 acting as initiator, but successfully completes at PEER_2 acting as responder. After that, PEER_1 still stores CTX_OLD, while PEER_2 stores CTX_OLD and the just derived CTX_NEW.¶
Then, PEER_1 starts a new KUDOS execution acting again as initiator, by sending the first KUDOS message as a CoAP request. This is protected with a temporary Security Context CTX_1, which is newly derived from the retained CTX_OLD, and from the new values X1 and N1 exchanged in the present KUDOS execution.¶
Upon receiving the first KUDOS message, PEER_2, acting again as responder, proceeds as follows.¶
PEER_2 MUST attempt to verify the first KUDOS message by using a temporary Security Context CTX_1. This is newly derived from the Security Context CTX_OLD retained after the latest successfully completed KUDOS execution, and from the values X1 and N1 exchanged in the present KUDOS execution.¶
If the message verification fails, PEER_2: i) retains CTX_OLD and CTX_NEW from the latest successfully completed KUDOS execution; ii) if acting as CoAP server, replies with an unprotected 4.01 (Unauthorized) CoAP response.¶
If the message verification succeeds, PEER_2: i) retains CTX_OLD from the latest successfully completed KUDOS execution; ii) replaces CTX_NEW from the latest successfully completed KUDOS execution with a new Security Context CTX_NEW', derived from CTX_OLD and from the values X1, X2, N1, and N2 exchanged in the present KUDOS execution; iii) replies with the second KUDOS message, which is protected with the just derived CTX_NEW'.¶
In this scenario, an execution of KUDOS fails at PEER_1 acting as initiator, but successfully completes at PEER_2 acting as responder. After that, PEER_1 still stores CTX_OLD, while PEER_2 stores CTX_OLD and the just derived CTX_NEW.¶
Then, PEER_2 starts a new KUDOS execution, this time acting as initiator, by sending the first KUDOS message as a CoAP request. This is protected with a temporary Security Context CTX_1, which is newly derived from CTX_NEW established during the latest successfully completed KUDOS execution, as well as from the new values X1 and N1 exchanged in the present KUDOS execution.¶
Upon receiving the first KUDOS message, PEER_1, this time acting as responder, proceeds as follows.¶
If PEER_2 does not receive the second KUDOS message for a pre-defined amount of time, or if it receives a 4.01 (Unauthorized) CoAP response when acting as CoAP client, then PEER_2 can start a new KUDOS execution for a maximum, pre-defined number of times.¶
In this case, PEER_2 sends a new first KUDOS message protected with a temporary Security Context CTX_1', which is derived from the retained CTX_OLD, as well as from the new values X1 and N1 exchanged in the present KUDOS execution.¶
During this time, PEER_2 does not delete CTX_NEW established during the latest successfully completed KUDOS execution, and does not delete CTX_OLD unless it successfully verifies an incoming message protected with CTX_NEW.¶
Upon receiving such a new, first KUDOS message, PEER_1 verifies it by using the temporary Security Context CTX_1', which is derived from the Security Context CTX_OLD, and from the values X1 and N1 exchanged in the present KUDOS execution.¶
If the message verification succeeds, PEER_1 derives an OSCORE Security Context CTX_NEW' from CTX_OLD and from the values X1, X2, N1, and N2 exchanged in the present KUDOS execution. Then, it replies with the second KUDOS message, which is protected with the latest, just derived CTX_NEW'.¶
Upon receiving such second KUDOS message, PEER_2 derives CTX_NEW' from the retained CTX_OLD and from the values X1, X2, N1, and N2 exchanged in the present KUDOS execution. Then, PEER_2 attempts to verify the KUDOS message using the just derived CTX_NEW'.¶
If the message verification succeeds, PEER_2 deletes the retained CTX_OLD as well as the retained CTX_NEW established during the immediately previously, successfully completed KUDOS execution.¶
When KUDOS is run in the reverse message flow (see Section 4.3.2), the two peers risk to run into a deadlock, if all the following conditions hold.¶
In such a case, in order to avoid experiencing a deadlock situation where the server needs to execute KUDOS but cannot practically initiate it, a client-only device that supports KUDOS SHOULD intersperse Non-confirmable requests it sends to that server with confirmable requests.¶
The FS mode of the KUDOS procedure defined in Section 4.3 ensures forward secrecy of the OSCORE keying material. However, it requires peers executing KUDOS to preserve their state (e.g., across a device reboot), by writing information such as data from the newly derived OSCORE Security Context CTX_NEW in non-volatile memory.¶
This can be problematic for devices that cannot dynamically write information to non-volatile memory. For example, some devices may support only a single writing in persistent memory when initial keying material is provided (e.g., at manufacturing or commissioning time), but no further writing after that. Therefore, these devices cannot perform a stateful key update procedure, and thus are not capable to run KUDOS in FS mode to achieve forward secrecy.¶
In order to address these limitations, KUDOS can be run in its stateless no-FS mode, as defined in the following. This allows two peers to achieve the same results as when running KUDOS in FS mode (see Section 4.3), with the difference that no forward secrecy is achieved and no state information is required to be dynamically written in non-volatile memory.¶
From a practical point of view, the two modes differ as to what exact OSCORE Master Secret and Master Salt are used as part of the OSCORE Security Context CTX_OLD provided as input to the updateCtx() function (see Section 4.2).¶
If either or both peers are not able to write in non-volatile memory the OSCORE Master Secret and OSCORE Master Salt from the newly derived Security Context CTX_NEW, then the two peers have to run KUDOS in no-FS mode.¶
In the following, a device is denoted as "CAPABLE" if it is able to store information in non-volatile memory (e.g., on disk), beyond a one-time-only writing occurring at manufacturing or (re-)commissioning time. If that is not the case, the device is denoted as "non-CAPABLE".¶
The following terms are used to refer to OSCORE keying material.¶
Note that:¶
A peer that has only one of the pairs above associated with another peer can attempt to run KUDOS with that other peer, but the procedure might fail depending on the other peer's capabilities. In particular:¶
As a general rule, once successfully generated a new OSCORE Security Context CTX (e.g., CTX is the CTX_NEW resulting from a KUDOS execution, or it has been established through the EDHOC protocol [I-D.ietf-lake-edhoc]), a peer considers the Master Secret and Master Salt of CTX as Latest Master Secret and Latest Master Salt. After that:¶
If the peer is a CAPABLE device, it SHOULD store Latest Master Secret and Latest Master Salt on disk.¶
As an exception, this does not apply to possible temporary OSCORE Security Contexts used during a key update procedure, such as CTX_1 used during the KUDOS execution. That is, the OSCORE Master Secret and Master Salt from such temporary Security Contexts MUST NOT be stored on disk.¶
Building on the above, after having experienced a reboot, a peer A checks whether it has stored on disk a pair P1 = (Latest Master Secret, Latest Master Salt) associated with any another peer B.¶
If a pair P1 is found, the peer A performs the following actions.¶
If a pair P1 is not found, the peer A checks whether it has stored on disk a pair P2 = (Bootstrap Master Secret, Bootstrap Master Salt) associated with the other peer B.¶
If a pair P2 is found, the peer A performs the following actions.¶
During a KUDOS execution, the two peers agree on whether to perform the key update procedure in FS mode or no-FS mode, by leveraging the "No Forward Secrecy" bit, 'p', in the 'x' byte of the OSCORE Option value of the KUDOS messages (see Section 4.1). The 'p' bit practically determines what OSCORE Security Context to use as CTX_OLD during the KUDOS execution, consistently with the indicated mode.¶
A peer determines to run KUDOS either in FS or no-FS mode with another peer as follows.¶
If a peer A is a CAPABLE device, it SHOULD run KUDOS only in FS mode and SHOULD NOT run KUDOS as initiator in no-FS mode. That is, when sending a KUDOS message, it SHOULD set to 0 the 'p' bit of the 'x' byte in the OSCORE Option value. An exception applies in the following cases.¶
The peer A is running KUDOS with another peer B, which A has learned to not a non-CAPABLE device (and hence not able to run KUDOS in FS mode).¶
Note that, if the peer A is a CAPABLE device, it is able to store such information about the other peer B on disk and it MUST do so. From then on, the peer A will perform every execution of KUDOS with the peer B in no-FS mode, including after a possible reboot.¶
If a peer A is a CAPABLE device and has learned that another peer B is also a CAPABLE device (and hence able to run KUDOS in FS mode), then the peer A MUST NOT run KUDOS with the peer B in no-FS mode. This also means that, if the peer A acts as responder when running KUDOS with the peer B, the peer A MUST terminate the KUDOS execution if it receives a KUDOS message from the peer B where the 'p' bit of the 'x' byte in the OSCORE Option value is set to 1.¶
Note that, if the peer A is a CAPABLE device, it is able to store such information about the other peer B on disk and it MUST do so. This ensures that the peer A will perform every execution of KUDOS with the peer B in FS mode. In turn, this prevents a possible downgrading attack, aimed at making A believe that B is not a CAPABLE device, and thus to run KUDOS in no-FS mode although the FS mode can actually be used by both peers.¶
Within the limitations above, two peers running KUDOS generate the new OSCORE Security Context CTX_NEW according to the mode indicated per the bit 'p' set by the responder in the second KUDOS message.¶
If, after having received the first KUDOS message, the responder can continue performing KUDOS, the bit 'p' in the reply message has the same value as in the bit 'p' set by the initiator, unless the value is 0 and the responder is a non-CAPABLE device. More specifically:¶
If only the peer acting as initiator is a CAPABLE device and it has no knowledge of the other peer being a non-CAPABLE device, they will not run KUDOS in FS mode and will rather set to ground for possibly retrying in no-FS mode. In particular, the initiator sets the 'p' bit of its sent KUDOS message to 0. Then:¶
If the responder is a server, it MUST reply with a 5.03 (Service Unavailable) error response. The response MUST be protected with the newly derived OSCORE Security Context CTX_NEW. The diagnostic payload MAY provide additional information. In the error response, the 'p' bit MUST be set to 1.¶
When receiving the error response, the initiator learns that the responder is a non-CAPABLE device (and hence not able to run KUDOS in FS mode). The initiator MAY try running KUDOS again. If it does so, the initiator MUST set the 'p' bit to 1, when sending a new request as first KUDOS message.¶
If the responder is a client, it sends to the initiator the second KUDOS message as a new request, which MUST be protected with the newly derived OSCORE Security Context CTX_NEW. In the newly sent request, the 'p' bit MUST be set to 1.¶
When receiving the new request above (i.e., with the 'p' bit set to 1 as a follow-up to the previous KUDOS response having the 'p' bit set to 0), the initiator learns that the responder is a non-CAPABLE device (and hence not able to run KUDOS in FS mode).¶
In either case, both KUDOS peers delete the OSCORE Security Contexts CTX_1 and CTX_NEW.¶
As defined in Section 4.3, once a peer has completed the KUDOS execution and successfully derived the new OSCORE Security Context CTX_NEW, that peer normally terminates all the ongoing observations it has with the other peer [RFC7641], as protected with the old OSCORE Security Context CTX_OLD.¶
This section describes a method that the two peers can use to safely preserve the ongoing observations that they have with one another, beyond the completion of a KUDOS execution. In particular, this method ensures that an Observe notification can never successfully cryptographically match against the Observe requests of two different observations, i.e., against an Observe request protected with CTX_OLD and an Observe request protected with CTX_NEW.¶
The actual preservation of ongoing observations has to be agreed by the two peers at each execution of KUDOS that they run with one another, as defined in Section 4.6.1. If, at the end of a KUDOS execution, the two peers have not agreed on that, they MUST terminate the ongoing observations that they have with one another, just as defined in Section 4.3.¶
[¶
NOTE: While a dedicated signaling would have to be introduced, this rationale may be of more general applicability, i.e., in case an update of the OSCORE keying material is performed through a different means than KUDOS.¶
]¶
As per Section 3.1 of [RFC7641], a client can register its interest in observing a resource at a server, by sending a registration request including the Observe Option with value 0.¶
If the server registers the observation as ongoing, the server sends back a successful response also including the Observe Option, hence confirming that an entry has been successfully added for that client.¶
If the client receives back the successful response above from the server, then the client also registers the observation as ongoing.¶
In case the client can ever consider to preserve ongoing observations beyond a key update as defined below, then the client MUST NOT simply forget about an ongoing observation if not interested in it anymore. Instead, the client MUST send an explicit cancellation request to the server, i.e., a request including the Observe Option with value 1 (see Section 3.6 of [RFC7641]). After sending this cancellation request, if the client does not receive back a response confirming that the observation has been terminated, the client MUST NOT consider the observation terminated. The client MAY try again to terminate the observation by sending a new cancellation request.¶
In case a peer A performs a KUDOS execution with another peer B, and A has ongoing observations with B that it is interested to preserve beyond the key update, then A can explicitly indicate its interest to do so. To this end, the peer A sets to 1 the bit "Preserve Observations", 'b', in the 'x' byte of the OSCORE Option value (see Section 4.1), in the KUDOS message it sends to the other peer B.¶
If a peer acting as responder receives the first KUDOS message with the bit 'b' set to 0, then the peer MUST set to 0 the bit 'b' in the KUDOS message it sends as follow-up, regardless of its wish to preserve ongoing observations with the other peer.¶
If a peer acting as initiator has sent the first KUDOS message with the bit 'b' set to 0, the peer MUST ignore the bit 'b' in the follow-up KUDOS message that it receives from the other peer.¶
After successfully completing the KUDOS execution (i.e., after having successfully derived the new OSCORE Security Context CTX_NEW), both peers have expressed their interest in preserving their common ongoing observations if and only if the bit 'b' was set to 1 in both the exchanged KUDOS messages. In such a case, each peer X performs the following actions.¶
As a result, each peer X will "jump" beyond the OSCORE Partial IV (PIV) values that are occupied and in use for ongoing observations with the other peer where X acts as client.¶
Note that, each time it runs KUDOS, a peer must determine if it wishes to preserve ongoing observations with the other peer or not, before sending its KUDOS message.¶
To this end, the peer should also assess the new value that PIV* would take after a successful completion of KUDOS, in case ongoing observations with the other peer are going to be preserved. If the peer considers such a new value of PIV* to be too close to the maximum possible value admitted for the OSCORE Partial IV, then the peer may choose to run KUDOS with no intention to preserve its ongoing observations with the other peer, in order to "start over" from a fresh, entirely unused PIV space.¶
Application policies can further influence whether attempting to preserve observations beyond a key update is appropriate or not.¶
Applications MAY define policies that allow a peer to temporarily keep the old Security Context CTX_OLD beyond having established the new Security Context CTX_NEW and having achieved key confirmation, rather than simply overwriting CTX_OLD with CTX_NEW. This allows the peer to decrypt late, still on-the-fly incoming messages protected with CTX_OLD.¶
When enforcing such policies, the following applies.¶
A peer MUST NOT retain CTX_OLD beyond the establishment of CTX_NEW and the achievement of key confirmation, if any of the following conditions holds: CTX_OLD is expired; limits set for safe key usage have been reached [I-D.ietf-core-oscore-key-limits], for the Recipient Key of the Recipient Context of CTX_OLD.¶
KUDOS is intended to deprecate and replace the procedure defined in Appendix B.2 of [RFC8613], as fundamentally achieving the same goal, while displaying a number of improvements and advantages.¶
In particular, it is especially convenient for the handling of failure events concerning the JRC node in 6TiSCH networks (see Section 2). That is, among its intrinsic advantages compared to the procedure defined in Appendix B.2 of [RFC8613], KUDOS preserves the same ID Context value, when establishing a new OSCORE Security Context.¶
Since the JRC uses ID Context values as identifiers of network nodes, namely "pledge identifiers", the above implies that the JRC does not have to perform anymore a mapping between a new, different ID Context value and a certain pledge identifier (see Section 8.3.3 of [RFC9031]). It follows that pledge identifiers can remain constant once assigned, and thus ID Context values used as pledge identifiers can be employed in the long-term as originally intended.¶
During a KUDOS execution a peer that is a CoAP Client must be ready to receive CoAP responses protected with a different OSCORE Security Context than the one that was used to protect the corresponding request.¶
This can happen, for instance, when a CoAP client sends a request and, shortly after that, it executes KUDOS. In such a case, the CoAP request is protected with CTX_OLD, while the CoAP response from the server is protected with CTX_NEW. Another case is when incoming responses are Observe notifications protected with CTX_NEW, while the corresponding request from the CoAP client that started the observation was protected with CTX_OLD.¶
Also, this can happen when running KUDOS in the reverse message flow, if the client uses NSTART > 1 and one of its requests triggers a KUDOS execution, i.e., the server replies with the first KUDOS message by acting as responder. The other requests would be latest served by the server after KUDOS has been completed.¶
Each of the two KUDOS messages displays a small communication overhead. This is determined by the following, additional information conveyed in the OSCORE option (see Section 4.1).¶
Assuming nonces of the same size in both messages of the same KUDOS execution, this results in the following minimum, typical, and maximum communication overhead, when considering a nonce with size 1, 8, and 16 bytes, respectively. All the indicated values are in bytes.¶
+-------+-----------------+-----------------+ | Nonce | Overhead of one | Overhead of one | | size | KUDOS message | KUDOS execution | +-------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 1 | 3 | 6 | +-------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 8 | 10 | 20 | +-------+-----------------+-----------------+ | 16 | 18 | 36 | +-------+-----------------+-----------------+¶
According to this specification, KUDOS is transferred in POST requests to the Uri-Path: "/.well-known/kudos" (see Section 7.4), and 2.04 (Changed) responses. An application may define its own path that can be discovered, e.g., using a resource directory [RFC9176]. Client applications can use the resource type "core.kudos" to discover a server's KUDOS resource, i.e., where to send KUDOS requests, see Section 7.5.¶
In the interest of rekeying, the following points must be taken into account when using the Static Context Header Compression and fragmentation (SCHC) framework [RFC8724] for compressing CoAP messages protected with OSCORE, as defined in [RFC8824].¶
Compression of the OSCORE Partial IV has implications for the frequency of rekeying. That is, if the Partial IV is compressed, the communicating peers must perform rekeying more often, as the available Partial IV space becomes smaller due to the compression. For instance, if only 3 bits of the Partial IV are sent, then the maximum PIV before having to rekey is only 2^3 - 1 = 7.¶
Furthermore, any time the SCHC context Rules are updated on an OSCORE endpoint, that endpoint must perform a rekeying (see Section 9 of [RFC8824]).¶
That is, the use of SCHC plays a role in triggering KUDOS executions and in affecting their cadence. Hence, the used SCHC Rules and their update policies should ensure that the KUDOS executions occurring as their side effect do not significantly impair the gain from message compression.¶
The EDHOC protocol defines the transport of additional External Authorization Data (EAD) within an optional EAD field of the EDHOC messages (see Section 3.8 of [I-D.ietf-lake-edhoc]). An EAD field is composed of one or multiple EAD items, each of which specifies an identifying 'ead_label' encoded as a CBOR integer, and an optional 'ead_value' encoded as a CBOR bstr.¶
This document defines a new EDHOC EAD item KUDOS_EAD and registers its 'ead_label' in Section 7.3. By including this EAD item in an outgoing EDHOC message, a sender peer can indicate whether it supports KUDOS and in which modes, as well as query the other peer about its support. Note that peers do not have to use this EDHOC EAD item to be able to run KUDOS with each other, irrespective of the modes they support. The possible values of the 'ead_value' are as follows:¶
+------+--------==+----------------------------------------------+ | Name | Value | Description | +======+==========+==============================================+ | ASK | h'' | Used only in EDHOC message_1. It asks the | | | (0x40) | recipient peer to specify in EDHOC message_2 | | | | whether it supports KUDOS. | +------+----------+----------------------------------------------+ | NONE | h'00' | Used only in EDHOC message_2 and message_3. | | | (0x4100) | It specifies that the sender peer does not | | | | support KUDOS. | +------+----------+----------------------------------------------+ | FULL | h'01' | Used only in EDHOC message_2 and message_3. | | | (0x4101) | It specifies that the sender peer supports | | | | KUDOS in FS mode and no-FS mode. | +------+----------+----------------------------------------------+ | PART | h'02' | Used only in EDHOC message_2 and message_3. | | | (0x4102) | It specifies that the sender peer supports | | | | KUDOS in no-FS mode only. | +------+----------+----------------------------------------------+¶
When the KUDOS_EAD item is included in EDHOC message_1 with 'ead_value' ASK, a recipient peer that supports the KUDOS_EAD item MUST specify whether it supports KUDOS in EDHOC message_2.¶
When the KUDOS_EAD item is not included in EDHOC message_1 with 'ead_value' ASK, a recipient peer that supports the KUDOS_EAD item MAY still specify whether it supports KUDOS in EDHOC message_2.¶
When the KUDOS_EAD item is included in EDHOC message_2 with 'ead_value' FULL or PART, a recipient peer that supports the KUDOS_EAD item SHOULD specify whether it supports KUDOS in EDHOC message_3. An exception applies in case, based on application policies or other context information, the recipient peer that receives EDHOC message_2 already knows that the sender peer is supposed to have such knowledge.¶
When the KUDOS_EAD item is included in EDHOC message_2 with 'ead_value' NONE, a recipient peer that supports the KUDOS_EAD item MUST NOT specify whether it supports KUDOS in EDHOC message_3.¶
In the following cases, the recipient peer silently ignores the KUDOS_EAD item specified in the received EDHOC message, and does not include a KUDOS_EAD item in the next EDHOC message it sends (if any).¶
That is, by specifying 'ead_value' ASK in EDHOC message_1, a peer A can indicate to the other peer B that it wishes to know if B supports KUDOS and in what mode(s). In the following EDHOC message_2, B indicates whether it supports KUDOS and in what mode(s), by specifying either NONE, FULL or PART as 'ead_value'. Specifying the 'ead_value' FULL or PART in EDHOC message_2 also asks A to indicate whether it supports KUDOS in EDHOC message_3.¶
To further illustrate the functionality, two examples are presented below as EDHOC executions where only the new KUDOS_EAD item is shown when present, and assuming that no other EAD items are used by the two peers.¶
EDHOC EDHOC Initiator Responder | | | EAD_1: (TBD_LABEL, ASK) | +-------------------------------------------------------->| | message_1 | | | | EAD_2: (TBD_LABEL, FULL) | |<--------------------------------------------------------+ | message_2 | | | | EAD_3: (TBD_LABEL, FULL) | +-------------------------------------------------------->| | message_3 | | |¶
In the example above, the Initiator asks the EDHOC Responder about its support for KUDOS ('ead_value' = ASK). In EDHOC message_2, the Responder indicates that it supports both the FS and no-FS mode of KUDOS ('ead_value' = FULL). Finally, in EDHOC message_3, the Initiator indicates that it also supports both the FS and no-FS mode of KUDOS ('ead_value' = FULL). After the EDHOC execution has successfully finished, both peers are aware that they both support KUDOS, in the FS and no-FS modes.¶
EDHOC EDHOC Initiator Responder | | | EAD_1: (TBD_LABEL, ASK) | +-------------------------------------------------------->| | message_1 | | | | EAD_2: (TBD_LABEL, NONE) | |<--------------------------------------------------------+ | message_2 | | | +-------------------------------------------------------->| | message_3 | | |¶
In this second example, the Initiator asks the EDHOC Responder about its support for KUDOS ('ead_value' = ASK). In EDHOC message_2, the Responder indicates that it does not support KUDOS at all ('ead_value' = NONE). Finally, in EDHOC message_3, the Initiator does not include the KUDOS_EAD item, since it already knows that using KUDOS with the other peer will not be possible. After the EDHOC execution has successfully finished, the Initiator is aware that the Responder does not support KUDOS, which the two peers are not going to use with each other.¶
This section defines a procedure that two peers can perform, in order to update the OSCORE Sender/Recipient IDs that they use in their shared OSCORE Security Context.¶
This results in privacy benefits, as it helps mitigate the ability of an adversary to correlate the two peers' communication between two points in time or between paths. For instance, two peers may want to use this procedure before switching to a different network for their communication, in order to make it more difficult to understand that the continued communication over the new network is taking place between the same two peers.¶
When performing an update of OSCORE Sender/Recipient IDs, a peer provides its new intended OSCORE Recipient ID to the other peer, by means of the Recipient-ID Option defined in Section 5.1. Hereafter, this document refers to a message including the Recipient-ID Option as an "OSCORE IDs update (request/response) message".¶
This procedure can be initiated by either peer, i.e., the CoAP client or the CoAP server may start it by sending the first OSCORE IDs update message. Like in KUDOS, the former case is denoted as the "forward message flow" and the latter as the "reverse message flow".¶
Furthermore, this procedure can be executed stand-alone, or instead seamlessly integrated in an execution of KUDOS (see Section 4) using its FS mode or no-FS mode (see Section 4.5).¶
In the former stand-alone case, updating the OSCORE Sender/Recipient IDs effectively results in updating part of the current OSCORE Security Context.¶
That is, both peers derive a new Sender Key, Recipient Key, and Common IV, as defined in Section 3.2 of [RFC8613]. Also, both peer re-initialize the Sender Sequence Number and the replay window accordingly, as defined in Section 3.2.2 of [RFC8613]. Since the same Master Secret is preserved, forward secrecy is not achieved.¶
As defined in Section 5.1.3, the two peers must take additional actions to ensure a safe execution of the OSCORE IDs update procedure.¶
A peer can safely discard the old OSCORE Security Context including the old Sender/Recipient IDs after the following two events have occurred, in this order: first, the peer has sent to the other peer a message protected with the new OSCORE Security Context including the new Sender/Recipient IDs; then, the peer has received from the other peer and successfully verified a message protected with that new OSCORE Security Context.¶
In the latter integrated case, the KUDOS initiator (responder) also acts as initiator (responder) for the OSCORE IDs update procedure. That is, both KUDOS and the OSCORE IDs update procedure MUST be run either in their forward message flow or in their reverse message flow.¶
The new OSCORE Sender/Recipient IDs MUST NOT be used with the OSCORE Security Context CTX_OLD, and MUST NOT be used with the temporary OSCORE Security Context used to protect the first KUDOS message of a KUDOS execution.¶
The first use of the new OSCORE Sender/Recipient IDs with the new OSCORE Security Context CTX_NEW occurs: for the KUDOS initiator, after having received from the KUDOS responder and successfully verified the second KUDOS message of the KUDOS execution in question; for the KUDOS responder, after having sent to the KUDOS initiator the second KUDOS message of the KUDOS execution in question.¶
An initiator terminates an ongoing OSCORE IDs procedure with another peer as failed, in case, after having sent the first OSCORE IDs update message for the procedure in question, a pre-defined amount of time has elapsed without receiving and successfully verifying the second OSCORE IDs update message from the other peer. It is RECOMMENDED that such an amount of time is equal to MAX_TRANSMIT_WAIT (see Section 4.8.2 of [RFC7252]).¶
A peer terminates an ongoing OSCORE IDs procedure with another peer as successful, in any of the following two cases.¶
A peer MUST NOT initiate an OSCORE IDs procedure with another peer, if it has another such procedure ongoing with that other peer.¶
Upon receiving a valid OSCORE IDs update message, a responder that supports the OSCORE IDs update procedure MUST send the second OSCORE IDs update message, except in the following case.¶
The received OSCORE IDs update messages is not a KUDOS message (i.e., the OSCORE IDs update procedure is being performed stand-alone) and the responder has no eligible Recipient ID to offer to the initiator (see Section 5.1.3).¶
If the responder is a server, the responder MUST also reply to the received OSCORE IDs update request message with a protected 5.03 (Service Unavailable) error response. The error response MUST NOT include the Recipient-ID Option, and its diagnostic payload MAY provide additional information.¶
When receiving the error response, the initiator terminates the OSCORE IDs procedure as failed.¶
The Recipient ID-Option defined in this section has the properties summarized in Figure 7, which extends Table 4 of [RFC7252]. That is, the option is elective, safe to forward, part of the cache key, and non repeatable.¶
+-------+---+---+---+---+--------------+--------+--------+---------+
| No. | C | U | N | R | Name | Format | Length | Default |
+-------+---+---+---+---+--------------+--------+--------+---------+
| | | | | | | | | |
| TBD24 | | | | | Recipient-ID | opaque | any | (none) |
| | | | | | | | | |
+-------+---+---+---+---+--------------+--------+--------+---------+
C=Critical, U=Unsafe, N=NoCacheKey, R=Repeatable
Note to RFC Editor: Following the registration of the CoAP Option Number 24, please replace "TBD24" with "24" in the figure above. Then, please delete this paragraph.¶
The option value can have an arbitrary length. Implementations can limit its length to that of the longest supported Recipient ID.¶
This document particularly defines how this option is used in messages protected with OSCORE. That is, when the option is included in an outgoing message, the option value specifies the new OSCORE Recipient ID that the sender endpoint intends to use with the other endpoint sharing the OSCORE Security Context.¶
Therefore, the maximum lenght of the option value is equal to the maximum lenght of OSCORE Sender/Recipient IDs. As defined in Section 3.3 of [RFC8613], this is determined by the size of the AEAD nonce of the used AEAD Algorithm in the OSCORE Security Context.¶
The Recipient-ID Option is of class E in terms of OSCORE processing (see Section 4.1 of [RFC8613]).¶
Figure 8 shows an example of the OSCORE IDs update procedure, run stand-alone and in the forward message flow, with the client acting as initiator. On each peer, SID and RID denote the OSCORE Sender ID and Recipient ID of that peer, respectively.¶
Appendix A.1 provides a different example of the OSCORE IDs update procedure, run integrated in an execution of KUDOS and in the forward message flow.¶
Client Server
(initiator) (responder)
| |
CTX_A { | | CTX_A {
SID = 0x01 | | SID = 0x00
RID = 0x00 | | RID = 0x01
} | | }
| |
| Request #1 |
Protect |---------------------------------->| /temp
with CTX_A | OSCORE { |
| ... |
| kid: 0x01 | Verify
| } | with CTX_A
| Encrypted Payload { |
| ... |
| Recipient-ID: 0x42 |
| ... |
| Application Payload |
| } |
| |
| Response #1 |
|<----------------------------------| Protect
| OSCORE { | with CTX_A
| ... |
Verify | } |
with CTX_A | Encrypted Payload { |
| ... |
| Recipient-ID: 0x78 |
| ... |
| Application Payload |
| } |
| |
CTX_B { | | CTX_B {
SID = 0x78 | | SID = 0x42
RID = 0x42 | | RID = 0x78
} | | }
| |
| Request #2 |
Protect |---------------------------------->| /temp
with CTX_B | OSCORE { |
| ... |
| kid: 0x78 | Verify
| } | with CTX_B
| Encrypted Payload { |
| ... |
| Application Payload |
| } |
| |
| Response #2 |
|<----------------------------------| Protect
| OSCORE { | with CTX_B
| ... |
Verify | } |
with CTX_B | Encrypted Payload { |
| ... |
| Application Payload |
| } |
| |
Discard | |
CTX_A | |
| |
| Request #3 |
Protect |---------------------------------->| /temp
with CTX_B | OSCORE { |
| ... |
| kid: 0x78 | Verify
| } | with CTX_B
| Encrypted Payload { |
| ... |
| Application Payload |
| } |
| |
| | Discard
| | CTX_A
| |
| Response #3 |
|<----------------------------------| Protect
| OSCORE { | with CTX_B
| ... |
Verify | } |
with CTX_B | Encrypted Payload { |
| ... |
| Application Payload |
| } |
| |
Before the OSCORE IDs update procedure starts, the client (the server) shares with the server (the client) an OSCORE Security Context CTX_A with Sender ID 0x01 (0x00) and Recipient ID 0x00 (0x01).¶
When starting the OSCORE IDs update procedure, the client determines its new intended OSCORE Recipient ID 0x42. Then, the client prepares a CoAP request targeting an application resource at the server. The request includes the Recipient-ID Option, with value the client's new Recipient ID 0x42.¶
The client protects the request with CTX_A, i.e., by using the keying material derived from the current client's Sender ID 0x01. The protected request specifies the client's current Sender ID 0x01 in the 'kid' field of the OSCORE Option. After that, the client sends the request to the server as Request #1.¶
Upon receiving, decrypting, and successfully verifying the OSCORE message Request #1, the server retrieves the value 0x42 from the Recipient-ID Option, and determines its new intended OSCORE Recipient ID 0x78. Then, the server prepares a CoAP response including the Recipient-ID Option, with value the server's new Recipient ID 0x78.¶
The server protects the response with CTX_A, i.e., by using the keying material derived from the current server's Sender ID 0x00. After that, the server sends the response to the client.¶
Then, the server considers 0x42 and 0x78 as its new Sender ID and Recipient ID to use with the client, respectively. As shown in the example, the server practically installs a new OSCORE Security Context CTX_B where: i) its Sender ID and Recipient ID are 0x42 and 0x78, respectively; ii) the Sender Sequence Number and the Replay Window are re-initialized (see Section 3.2.2 of [RFC8613]); iii) anything else is like in the OSCORE Security Context used to encrypt the OSCORE message Response #1.¶
Upon receiving, decrypting, and successfully verifying the OSCORE message Response #1, the client considers 0x78 and 0x42 as the new Sender ID and Recipient ID to use with the server, respectively. As shown in the example, the client practically installs a new OSCORE Security Context CTX_B where: i) its Sender ID and Recipient ID are 0x78 and 0x42, respectively; ii) the Sender Sequence Number and the Replay Window are re-initialized (see Section 3.2.2 of [RFC8613]); iii) anything else is like in the OSCORE Security Context used to decrypt the OSCORE message Response #1.¶
From then on, the client and the server can exchange messages protected with the OSCORE Security Context CTX_B, i.e., according to the new OSCORE Sender/Recipient IDs and using new keying material derived from those.¶
That is, the client sends the OSCORE message Request #2, which is protected with CTX_B and specifies the new client's Sender ID 0x78 in the 'kid' field of the OSCORE Option.¶
Upon receiving the OSCORE message Request #2, the server retrieves the OSCORE Security Context CTX_B, according to its new Recipient ID 0x78 specified in the 'kid' field of the OSCORE Option. Then, the server decrypts and verifies the response by using CTX_B. Finally, the server prepares a CoAP response Response #2, protects it with CTX_B, and sends it to the client.¶
Upon receiving the OSCORE message Response #2, the client decrypts and verifies it with the OSCORE Security Context CTX_B. In case of successfull verification, the client confirms that the server is aligned with the new OSCORE Sender/Recipient IDs, and thus discards the OSCORE Security Context CTX_A.¶
After that, one further exchange occurs, where both the CoAP request and the CoAP response are protected with the OSCORE Security Context CTX_B. In particular, upon receiving, decrypting, and successfully verifying the OSCORE message Request #3, the server confirms that the client is aligned with the new OSCORE Sender/Recipient IDs, and thus discards the OSCORE Security Context CTX_A.¶
Figure 9 shows an example of the OSCORE IDs update procedure, run stand-alone and in the reverse message flow, with the server acting as initiator. On each peer, SID and RID denote the OSCORE Sender ID and Recipient ID of that peer, respectively.¶
Appendix A.2 provides a different example of the OSCORE IDs update procedure, run integrated in an execution of KUDOS and in the reverse message flow.¶
Client Server
(responder) (initiator)
| |
CTX_A { | | CTX_A {
SID = 0x01 | | SID = 0x00
RID = 0x00 | | RID = 0x01
} | | }
| |
| Request #1 |
Protect |---------------------------------->| /temp
with CTX_A | OSCORE { |
| ... |
| kid: 0x01 | Verify
| } | with CTX_A
| Encrypted Payload { |
| ... |
| Application Payload |
| } |
| |
| Response #1 |
|<----------------------------------| Protect
| OSCORE { | with CTX_A
| ... |
Verify | } |
with CTX_A | Encrypted Payload { |
| ... |
| Recipient-ID: 0x78 |
| ... |
| Application Payload |
| } |
| |
| Request #2 |
Protect |---------------------------------->| /temp
with CTX_A | OSCORE { |
| ... |
| kid: 0x01 | Verify
| } | with CTX_A
| Encrypted Payload { |
| ... |
| Recipient-ID: 0x42 |
| ... |
| Application Payload |
| } |
| |
| | CTX_B {
| | SID = 0x42
| | RID = 0x78
| | }
| |
| Response #2 |
|<----------------------------------| Protect
| OSCORE { | with CTX_A
| ... |
Verify | } |
with CTX_A | Encrypted Payload { |
| ... |
| Application Payload |
| } |
| |
CTX_B { | |
SID = 0x78 | |
RID = 0x42 | |
} | |
| |
| Request #3 |
Protect |---------------------------------->| /temp
with CTX_B | OSCORE { |
| ... |
| kid: 0x78 | Verify
| } | with CTX_B
| Encrypted Payload { |
| ... |
| Application Payload |
| } |
| |
| Response #3 |
|<----------------------------------| Protect
| OSCORE { | with CTX_B
| ... |
Verify | } |
with CTX_B | Encrypted Payload { |
| ... |
| Application Payload |
| } |
| |
Discard | |
CTX_A | |
| |
| Request #4 |
Protect |---------------------------------->| /temp
with CTX_B | OSCORE { |
| ... |
| kid: 0x78 | Verify
| } | with CTX_B
| Encrypted Payload { |
| ... |
| Application Payload |
| } |
| |
| | Discard
| | CTX_A
| |
| Response #4 |
|<----------------------------------| Protect
| OSCORE { | with CTX_B
| ... |
Verify | } |
with CTX_B | Encrypted Payload { |
| ... |
| Application Payload |
| } |
| |
Before the OSCORE IDs update procedure starts, the client (the server) shares with the server (the client) an OSCORE Security Context CTX_A with Sender ID 0x01 (0x00) and Recipient ID 0x00 (0x01).¶
At first, the client prepares a CoAP Request #1 targeting an application resource at the server. The client protects the request with CTX_A, i.e., by using the keying material derived from the current client's Sender ID 0x01. The protected request specifies the client's current Sender ID 0x01 in the 'kid' field of the OSCORE Option. After that, the client sends the request to the server as Request #1.¶
Upon receiving, decrypting, and successfully verifying the OSCORE message Request #1, the server decides to start an OSCORE IDs update procedure. To this end, the server determines its new intended OSCORE Recipient ID 0x78. Then, the server prepares a CoAP response as a reply to the just received request and including the Recipient-ID Option, with value the server's new Recipient ID 0x78.¶
The server protects the response with CTX_A, i.e., by using the keying material derived from the current server's Sender ID 0x00. After that, the server sends the response to the client as Response #1.¶
Upon receiving, decrypting, and successfully verifying the OSCORE message Response #1, the client retrieves the value 0x78 from the Recipient-ID Option, and determines its new intended OSCORE Recipient ID 0x42. Then, the client prepares a CoAP request targeting an application resource at the server. The request includes the Recipient-ID Option, with value the client's new Recipient ID 0x42.¶
The client protects the request with CTX_A, i.e., by using the keying material derived from the current client's Sender ID 0x01. The protected request specifies the client's current Sender ID 0x01 in the 'kid' field of the OSCORE Option. After that, the client sends the request to the server as Request #2.¶
Upon receiving, decrypting, and successfully verifying the OSCORE message Request #2, the server retrieves the value 0x42 from the Recipient-ID Option. Then the server considers 0x42 and 0x78 as the new Sender ID and Recipient ID to use with the client, respectively. As shown in the example, the server practically installs a new OSCORE Security Context CTX_B where: i) its Sender ID and Recipient ID are 0x42 and 0x78, respectively; ii) the Sender Sequence Number and the Replay Window are re-initialized (see Section 3.2.2 of [RFC8613]); iii) anything else is like in the OSCORE Security Context used to encrypt the OSCORE message Request #2.¶
Then, the server prepares a CoAP response, as a reply to the just received request, and protects it with CTX_A, i.e., by using the keying material derived from the current server's Sender ID 0x00. After that, the server sends the response to the client as Response #2.¶
Upon receiving, decrypting, and successfully verifying the OSCORE message Response #2, the client considers 0x78 and 0x42 as the new Sender ID and Recipient ID to use with the server, respectively. As shown in the example, the client practically installs a new OSCORE Security Context CTX_B where: i) its Sender ID and Recipient ID are 0x78 and 0x42, respectively; ii) the Sender Sequence Number and the Replay Window are re-initialized (see Section 3.2.2 of [RFC8613]); iii) anything else is like in the OSCORE Security Context used to decrypt the OSCORE response.¶
From then on, the client and the server can exchange messages protected with the OSCORE Security Context CTX_B, i.e., according to the new OSCORE Sender/Recipient IDs and using new keying material derived from those.¶
That is, the client sends the OSCORE message Request #3, which is protected with CTX_B and specifies the new client's Sender ID 0x78 in the 'kid' field of the OSCORE Option.¶
Upon receiving the OSCORE message Request #3, the server retrieves the OSCORE Security Context CTX_B, according to its new Recipient ID 0x78 specified in the 'kid' field of the OSCORE Option. Then, the server decrypts and verifies the response by using CTX_B. Finally, the server prepares a CoAP response, protects it with CTX_B, and sends it to the client as Response #3.¶
Upon receiving the OSCORE message Response #3, the client decrypts and verifies it with the OSCORE Security Context CTX_B. In case of successfull verification, the client confirms that the server is aligned with the new OSCORE Sender/Recipient IDs, and thus discards the OSCORE Security Context CTX_A.¶
After that, one further exchange occurs, where both the CoAP request and the CoAP response are protected with the OSCORE Security Context CTX_B. In particular, upon receiving, decrypting, and successfully verifying the OSCORE message Request #4, the server confirms that the client is aligned with the new OSCORE Sender/Recipient IDs, and thus discards the OSCORE Security Context CTX_A.¶
After having experienced a loss of state, a peer MUST NOT participate in a stand-alone OSCORE IDs update procedure with another peer, until having performed a full-fledged establishment/renewal of an OSCORE Security Context with the other peer (e.g., by running KUDOS or the EDHOC protocol [I-D.ietf-lake-edhoc]).¶
More precisely, a peer has experienced a loss of state if it cannot access the latest snapshot of the latest OSCORE Security Context CTX_OLD or the whole set of OSCORE Sender/Recipient IDs that have been used with the triplet (Master Secret, Master Salt, ID Context) of CTX_OLD. This can happen, for instance, after a device reboot.¶
Furthermore, when participating in a stand-alone OSCORE IDs update procedure, a peer performs the following additional steps.¶
In order to fulfill the conditions above, a peer has to keep track of the OSCORE Sender/Recipient IDs that it has used with the current triplet (Master Secret, Master Salt, ID Context) since the latest update of the OSCORE Master Secret (e.g., performed by running KUDOS).¶
When running the OSCORE IDs Update procedure stand-alone or integrated in an execution of KUDOS, the following holds if Observe [RFC7641] is supported, in order to preserve ongoing observations beyond a change of OSCORE identifiers.¶
If a peer intends to keep active beyond an update of its Sender ID the observations where it is acting as CoAP client, then the peer:¶
If a peer is acting as CoAP server in an ongoing observation, then the peer:¶
This document mainly covers security considerations about using AEAD keys in OSCORE and their usage limits, in addition to the security considerations of [RFC8613].¶
Depending on the specific key update procedure used to establish a new OSCORE Security Context, the related security considerations also apply.¶
As mentioned in Section 4.3, it is RECOMMENDED that the size for nonces N1 and N2 is 8 bytes. The application needs to set the size of each nonce such that the probability of its value being repeated is negligible. Note that the probability of collision of nonce values is heightened by the birthday paradox. However, considering a nonce size of 8 bytes there will be a collision on average after approximately 2^32 instances of Response #1 messages. Overall the size of the nonces N1 and N2 should be set such that the security level is harmonized with other components of the deployment. Considering the constraints of embedded implementations, there might be a need for allowing N1 and N2 values that are smaller in size. These smaller values can be permitted, provided that their safety within the system can be assured.¶
The nonces exchanged in the KUDOS messages are sent in the clear, so using random nonces is best for privacy (as opposed to, e.g., a counter, which might leak some information about the client).¶
[TODO: Add more considerations.]¶
This document has the following actions for IANA.¶
Note to RFC Editor: Please replace all occurrences of "[RFC-XXXX]" with the RFC number of this specification and delete this paragraph.¶
IANA is asked to enter the following option number to the "CoAP Option Numbers" registry within the "CoRE Parameters" registry group.¶
+--------+--------------+------------+ | Number | Name | Reference | +--------+--------------+------------+ | TBD24 | Recipient-ID | [RFC-XXXX] | +--------+--------------+------------+¶
Note to RFC Editor: Following the registration of the CoAP Option Number 24, please replace "TBD24" with "24" in the table above. Then, please delete this paragraph.¶
IANA is asked to add the following entries to the "OSCORE Flag Bits" registry within the "Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) Parameters" registry group.¶
+----------+-------------+-------------------------------+------------+ | Bit | Name | Description | Reference | | Position | | | | +----------+-------------+-------------------------------+------------+ | 0 | Extension-1 | Set to 1 if the OSCORE Option | [RFC-XXXX] | | | Flag | specifies a second byte, | | | | | which includes the OSCORE | | | | | flag bits 8-15 | | +----------+-------------+-------------------------------+------------+ | 8 | Extension-2 | Set to 1 if the OSCORE Option | [RFC-XXXX] | | | Flag | specifies a third byte, | | | | | which includes the OSCORE | | | | | flag bits 16-23 | | +----------+-------------+-------------------------------+------------+ | 15 | Nonce Flag | Set to 1 if nonce is present | [RFC-XXXX] | | | | in the compressed COSE object | | +----------+-------------+-------------------------------+------------+ | 16 | Extension-3 | Set to 1 if the OSCORE Option | [RFC-XXXX] | | | Flag | specifies a fourth byte, | | | | | which includes the OSCORE | | | | | flag bits 24-31 | | | | | | | +----------+-------------+-------------------------------+------------+ | 24 | Extension-4 | Set to 1 if the OSCORE Option | [RFC-XXXX] | | | Flag | specifies a fifth byte, | | | | | which includes the OSCORE | | | | | flag bits 32-39 | | | | | | | +----------+-------------+-------------------------------+------------+ | 32 | Extension-5 | Set to 1 if the OSCORE Option | [RFC-XXXX] | | | Flag | specifies a sixth byte, | | | | | which includes the OSCORE | | | | | flag bits 40-47 | | | | | | | +----------+-------------+-------------------------------+------------+ | 40 | Extension-6 | Set to 1 if the OSCORE Option | [RFC-XXXX] | | | Flag | specifies a seventh byte, | | | | | which includes the OSCORE | | | | | flag bits 48-55 | | | | | | | +----------+-------------+-------------------------------+------------+ | 48 | Extension-7 | Set to 1 if the OSCORE Option | [RFC-XXXX] | | | Flag | specifies an eigth byte, | | | | | which includes the OSCORE | | | | | flag bits 56-63 | | | | | | | +----------+-------------+-------------------------------+------------+¶
In the same registry, IANA is asked to mark as 'Unassigned' the entry with Bit Position of 1, i.e., to update the entry as follows.¶
+----------+------------------+--------------------------+------------+ | Bit | Name | Description | Reference | | Position | | | | +----------+------------------+--------------------------+------------+ | 1 | Unassigned | | | +----------+------------------+--------------------------+------------+¶
IANA is asked to add the following entries to the "EDHOC External Authorization Data" registry within the "Ephemeral Diffie-Hellman Over COSE (EDHOC)" registry group.¶
+---------+--------------------------------------+--------------------+ | Label | Description | Reference | +---------+--------------------------------------+--------------------+ | TBD1 | Indicates whether this peer supports | [RFC-XXXX] | | | KUDOS and in which mode(s) | | +---------+--------------------------------------+--------------------+¶
IANA is asked to add the 'kudos' well-known URI to the Well-Known URIs registry as defined by [RFC8615].¶
IANA is requested to add the resource type "core.kudos" to the "Resource Type (rt=) Link Target Attribute Values" registry under the registry group "Constrained RESTful Environments (CoRE) Parameters".¶
Figure 10 provides an example of the OSCORE IDs update procedure, run integrated in an execution of KUDOS and in the forward message flow. On each peer, SID and RID denote the OSCORE Sender ID and Recipient ID of that peer, respectively.¶
Client Server
(initiator) (responder)
| |
CTX_OLD { | | CTX_OLD {
SID = 0x01 | | SID = 0x00
RID = 0x00 | | RID = 0x01
} | | }
| |
Generate N1 | |
| |
CTX_1 = updateCtx( | |
X1, | |
N1, | |
CTX_OLD) | |
| |
| Request #1 |
Protect with CTX_1 |--------------------->| /.well-known/kudos
| OSCORE { |
| ... |
| d flag: 1 | CTX_1 = updateCtx(
| x: X1 | X1,
| nonce: N1 | N1,
| ... | CTX_OLD)
| kid: 0x01 |
| } | Verify with CTX_1
| Encrypted Payload { |
| ... | Generate N2
| Recipient-ID: 0x42 |
| ... | CTX_NEW = updateCtx(
| } | Comb(X1,X2),
| | Comb(N1,N2),
| | CTX_OLD)
| |
| Response #1 |
|<---------------------| Protect with CTX_NEW
| OSCORE { |
| ... |
CTX_NEW = updateCtx( | Partial IV: 0 |
Comb(X1,X2), | ... |
Comb(N1,N2), | |
CTX_OLD) | d flag: 1 |
| x: X2 |
Verify with CTX_NEW | nonce: N2 |
| ... |
Discard CTX_OLD | } |
| Encrypted Payload { |
Update SID and | ... | Update SID and
RID in CTX_NEW | Recipient-ID: 0x78 | RID in CTX_NEW
| ... |
CTX_NEW { | } | CTX_NEW {
SID = 0x78 | | SID = 0x42
RID = 0x42 | | RID = 0x78
} | | }
| |
// The actual key update process ends here.
// The two peers can use the new Security Context CTX_NEW.
| |
| Request #2 |
Protect with CTX_NEW |--------------------->| /temp
| OSCORE { |
| ... |
| kid: 0x78 | Verify with CTX_NEW
| } |
| Encrypted Payload { | Discard CTX_OLD
| ... |
| Application Payload |
| } |
| |
| Response #2 |
|<---------------------| Protect with CTX_NEW
| OSCORE { |
| ... |
Verify with CTX_NEW | } |
| Encrypted Payload { |
| ... |
| Application Payload |
| } |
| |
Figure 11 provides an example of the OSCORE IDs update procedure, run integrated in an execution of KUDOS and in the reverse message flow. On each peer, SID and RID denote the OSCORE Sender ID and Recipient ID of that peer, respectively.¶
Client Server
(responder) (initiator)
| |
CTX_OLD { | | CTX_OLD {
SID = 0x01 | | SID = 0x00
RID = 0x00 | | RID = 0x01
} | | }
| |
| Request #1 |
Protect with CTX_OLD |--------------------->| /temp
| OSCORE { |
| ... |
| kid: 0x01 |
| } | Verify with CTX_OLD
| Encrypted Payload { |
| ... | Generate N1
| Application Payload |
| } | CTX_1 = updateCtx(
| | X1,
| | N1,
| | CTX_OLD)
| |
| Response #1 |
|<---------------------| Protect with CTX_1
| OSCORE { |
| ... |
CTX_1 = updateCtx( | Partial IV: 0 |
X1, | ... |
N1, | d flag: 1 |
CTX_OLD) | x: X1 |
| nonce: N1 |
Verify with CTX_1 | ... |
| } |
Generate N2 | Encrypted Payload { |
| ... |
CTX_NEW = updateCtx( | Recipient-ID: 0x78 |
Comb(X1,X2), | ... |
Comb(N1,N2), | } |
CTX_OLD) | |
| |
| Request #2 |
Protect with CTX_NEW |--------------------->| /.well-known/kudos
| OSCORE { |
| ... |
| d flag: 1 | CTX_NEW = updateCtx(
| x: X2 | Comb(X1,X2),
| nonce: N1|N2 | Comb(N1,N2),
| kid: 0x01 | CTX_OLD)
| ... |
| } | Verify with CTX_NEW
| Encrypted Payload { |
| ... | Discard CTX_OLD
| Recipient-ID: 0x42 |
| ... |
| Application Payload |
| } |
| |
Update SID and | | Update SID and
RID in CTX_NEW | | RID in CTX_NEW
| |
CTX_NEW { | | CTX_NEW {
SID = 0x78 | | SID = 0x42
RID = 0x42 | | RID = 0x78
} | | }
| |
// The actual key update process ends here.
// The two peers can use the new Security Context CTX_NEW.
| |
| Response #2 |
|<---------------------| Protect with CTX_NEW
| OSCORE { |
| ... |
Verify with CTX_NEW | } |
| Encrypted Payload { |
Discard CTX_OLD | ... |
| Application Payload |
| } |
| |
| Request #3 |
Protect with CTX_NEW |--------------------->| /temp
| OSCORE { |
| ... |
| kid: 0x78 | Verify with CTX_NEW
| } |
| Encrypted Payload { |
| ... |
| Application Payload |
| } |
| |
| Response #3 |
|<---------------------| Protect with CTX_NEW
| OSCORE { |
| ... |
Verify with CTX_NEW | } |
| Encrypted Payload { |
| ... |
| Application Payload |
| } |
| |
RFC EDITOR: PLEASE REMOVE THIS SECTION.¶
The authors sincerely thank Christian Amsüss, Carsten Bormann, John Preuß Mattsson, Göran Selander, and Rafa Marin-Lopez for their feedback and comments.¶
The work on this document has been partly supported by VINNOVA and the Celtic-Next project CRITISEC; and by the H2020 projects SIFIS-Home (Grant agreement 952652) and ARCADIAN-IoT (Grant agreement 101020259).¶