ICNRG C. Gündoğan Internet-Draft Huawei Updates: 8609 (if approved) TC. Schmidt Intended status: Experimental HAW Hamburg Expires: 2 March 2024 D. Oran Network Systems Research and Design M. Wählisch TU Dresden 30 August 2023 Alternative Delta Time Encoding for CCNx Using Compact Floating-Point Arithmetic draft-irtf-icnrg-ccnx-timetlv-04 Abstract CCNx utilizes delta time for a number of functions. When using CCNx in environments with constrained nodes or bandwidth constrained networks, it is valuable to have a compressed representation of delta time. In order to do so, either accuracy or dynamic range has to be sacrificed. Since the current uses of delta time do not require both simultaneously, one can consider a logarithmic encoding. This document updates RFC 8609 (_CCNx messages in TLV Format_) to specify this alternative encoding. This document is a product of the IRTF Information-Centric Networking Research Group (ICNRG). Status of This Memo This Internet-Draft is submitted in full conformance with the provisions of BCP 78 and BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet-Drafts. The list of current Internet- Drafts is at https://datatracker.ietf.org/drafts/current/. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." This Internet-Draft will expire on 2 March 2024. Gündoğan, et al. Expires 2 March 2024 [Page 1] Internet-Draft TimeTLV for CCNx August 2023 Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2023 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/ license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Revised BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Revised BSD License. Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Usage of Time Values in CCNx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3.1. Relative Time in CCNx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3.2. Absolute Time in CCNx . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4. A Compact Time Representation with Logarithmic Range . . . . 5 5. Protocol Integration of the Compact Time Representation . . . 7 5.1. Interest Lifetime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5.2. Recommended Cache Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 6. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 7. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Appendix A. Test Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Appendix B. Efficient Time Value Approximation . . . . . . . . . 11 Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1. Introduction CCNx is well suited for Internet of Things (IoT) applications [RFC7927]. LoWPAN adaptation layers (e.g., [RFC9139]) confirm the advantages of a space-efficient packet encoding for low-power and lossy networks. CCNx utilizes absolute and delta time values for a number of functions. When using CCNx in resource-constrained environments, it is valuable to have a compact representation of time values. However, any compact time representation has to sacrifice accuracy or dynamic range. For some time uses this is relatively straightforward to achieve, for other uses, it is not. As a result of experiments in bandwidth-constrained IEEE 802.15.4 deployments [ICNLOWPAN], this document discusses the various cases of time Gündoğan, et al. Expires 2 March 2024 [Page 2] Internet-Draft TimeTLV for CCNx August 2023 values, proposes a compact encoding for delta times, and updates [RFC8609] to utilize this encoding format in CCNx messages. This document has received fruitful reviews by the members of the research group (see the Acknowledgments section). It is the consensus of ICNRG that this document should be published in the IRTF Stream of the RFC series. This document does not constitute an IETF standard. 2. Terminology The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here. This document uses the terminology of [RFC8569] and [RFC8609] for CCNx entities. The following terms are used in the document and defined as follows: byte: synonym for octet time value: a time offset measured in seconds time code: an 8-bit encoded time value as defined in [RFC5497] 3. Usage of Time Values in CCNx 3.1. Relative Time in CCNx CCNx, as currently specified in [RFC8569], utilizes delta time for only the lifetime of an Interest message (see sections 2.1, 2.2, 2.4.2, 10.3 of [RFC8569]). It is a hop-by-hop header value, and is currently encoded via the T_INTLIFE TLV as a 64-bit integer ([RFC8609] section 3.4.1). While formally an optional TLV, in all but some corner cases every Interest message is expected to carry the Interest Lifetime TLV, and hence having compact encoding is particularly valuable for keeping Interest messages short. Since the current uses of delta time do not require both accuracy and dynamic range simultaneously, one can consider a logarithmic encoding such as that specified in [IEEE.754.2019] and outlined in Section 4. This document updates _CCNx messages in TLV Format_ [RFC8609] to permit this alternative encoding for selected time values. Gündoğan, et al. Expires 2 March 2024 [Page 3] Internet-Draft TimeTLV for CCNx August 2023 3.2. Absolute Time in CCNx CCNx, as currently specified in [RFC8569], utilizes absolute time for various important functions. Each of these absolute time usages poses a different challenge for a compact representation. These are discussed in the following subsections. 3.2.1. Signature Time and Expiry Time _Signature Time_ is the time the signature of a content object was generated (sections 8.2-8.4 [RFC8569]). _Expiry Time_ indicates the expiry time of a content object (section 4 [RFC8569]). Both values are content message TLVs and represent absolute timestamps in milliseconds since the POSIX epoch. They are currently encoded via the T_SIGTIME and T_EXPIRY TLVs as 64-bit unsigned integers (see section 3.6.4.1.4.5 and 3.6.2.2.2 [RFC8609]). Both time values could be in the past, or in the future, potentially by a large delta. They are also included in the security envelope of the message. Therefore, it seems there is no practical way to define an alternative compact encoding that preserves its semantics and security properties; hence we don't consider it further as a candidate. 3.2.2. Recommended Cache Time _Recommended Cache Time_ (RCT) for a content object (see section 4 [RFC8569]) is a hop-by-hop header stating the expiration time for a cached content object in milliseconds since the POSIX epoch. It is currently encoded via the T_CACHETIME TLV as a 64-bit unsigned integer (see section 3.4.2 [RFC8609]). A recommended cache time could be far in the future, but cannot be in the past and is likely to be a reasonably short offset from the current time. Therefore, this document allows the recommended cache time to be interpreted as a relative time value rather than an absolute time, since the semantics associated with an absolute time value do not seem to be critical to the utility of this value. This document therefore updates the recommended cache time with the following rule set: * Use absolute time as per [RFC8609] * Use relative time, if the compact time representation is used (see Section 4 and Section 5) Gündoğan, et al. Expires 2 March 2024 [Page 4] Internet-Draft TimeTLV for CCNx August 2023 If relative time is used, the time offset recorded in a message will typically not account for residence times on lower layers (e.g., for processing, queuing) and link delays for every hop. The recommended cache time can thus not be expressed as accurate as with absolute time. This document targets low-power networks, where delay bounds are rather loose, or do not exist. An accumulated error due to transmission delays in the range of milliseconds and seconds for the recommended cache time is still tolerable in these networks, and does not impact the protocol performance. Networks with tight latency bounds use dedicated hardware, optimized software routines, and traffic engineering to reduce latency variations. Time offsets can then be corrected on every hop to yield exact cache times. 4. A Compact Time Representation with Logarithmic Range This document uses the compact time representation of ICNLoWPAN (see section 7 of [RFC9139]) that is inspired by [RFC5497] and [IEEE.754.2019]. Its logarithmic encoding supports a representation ranging from milliseconds to years. Figure 1 depicts the logarithmic nature of this time representation. || | | | | | | | | | | +-----------------------------------------------------------------+ milliseconds years Figure 1: A logarithmic range representation allows for higher precision in the smaller time ranges and still supports large time deltas. Time codes encode exponent and mantissa values in a single byte, but in contrast to the representation in [IEEE.754.2019], time codes only encode non-negative numbers and hence do not include a separate sign bit. Figure 2 shows the configuration of a time code: an exponent width of 5 bits, and a mantissa width of 3 bits. <--- one byte wide ---> +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ | exponent (b) | mantissa (a) | +----+----+----+----+----+----+----+----+ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Figure 2: A time code with exponent and mantissa to encode a logarithmic range time representation. Gündoğan, et al. Expires 2 March 2024 [Page 5] Internet-Draft TimeTLV for CCNx August 2023 The base unit for time values are seconds. A time value is calculated using the following formula (adopted from [RFC5497] and [RFC9139]), where (a) represents the mantissa, (b) the exponent, and (C) a constant factor set to C := 1/32. Subnormal (b == 0): (0 + a/8) * 2 * C Normalized (b > 0): (1 + a/8) * 2^b * C The subnormal form provides a gradual underflow between zero and the smallest normalized number. Eight time values exist in the subnormal range [0s,~0.0546875s] with a step size of ~0.0078125s between each time value. This configuration also encodes the following convenient numbers in seconds: [1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, ...]. Appendix A further includes test vectors to illustrate the logarithmic range. An example algorithm to encode a time value into the corresponding exponent and mantissa is given as pseudo code in Figure 3. Not all time values can be represented by a time code. For these instances, the closest time code is chosen that is smaller than the value to encode. input: float v // time value output: int a, b // mantissa, exponent of time code (a, b) encode (v): if (v == 0) return (0, 0) if (v < 2 * C) // subnormal a = floor (v * 4 / C) // round down return (a, 0) else // normalized if (v > (1 + 7/8) * 2^31 * C) // check bounds return (7, 31) // return maximum else b = floor (log2(v / C)) // round down a = floor ((v / (2^b * C) - 1) * 8) // round down return (a, b) Figure 3: Algorithm in pseudo code. As an example: No specific time code for 0.063 exists, but this algorithm maps to the closest valid time code that is smaller, i.e., exponent 1 and mantissa 0 (the same as for time value 0.0625). Gündoğan, et al. Expires 2 March 2024 [Page 6] Internet-Draft TimeTLV for CCNx August 2023 5. Protocol Integration of the Compact Time Representation A straightforward way to accommodate the compact time approach is to use a 1-byte length field to indicate this alternative encoding while retaining the existing TLV registry entries. This approach has backward compatibility problems, but is still considered for the following reasons: * Both CCNx RFCs are experimental and not Standards Track, hence expectations for forward and backward compatibility are not as stringent. "Flag day" upgrades of deployed CCNx networks, while inconvenient, are still feasible. * The major use case for these compressed encodings are smaller- scale IoT and/or sensor networks where the population of consumers, producers, and forwarders is reasonably small. * Since the current TLVs have hop-by-hop semantics, they are not covered by any signed hash and hence may be freely re-encoded by any forwarder. That means a forwarder supporting the new encoding can translate freely between the two encodings. * The alternative of assigning new TLV registry values does not substantially mitigate the interoperability problems anyway. 5.1. Interest Lifetime The Interest Lifetime definition in [RFC8609] allows for a variable- length lifetime representation, where a length of 1 encodes the linear range [0,255] in milliseconds. This document changes the definition to always encode 1-byte Interest lifetime values in the compact time value representation (Figure 4). Gündoğan, et al. Expires 2 March 2024 [Page 7] Internet-Draft TimeTLV for CCNx August 2023 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | T_INTLIFE | Length = 1 | +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | COMPACT_TIME | +---------------+ 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | T_INTLIFE | Length > 1 | +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ / / / Lifetime (Length octets) / / / +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ Figure 4: Changes to the definition of the Interest Lifetime TLV. 5.2. Recommended Cache Time The Recommended Cache Time definition in [RFC8609] specifies an absolute time representation that is of a length fixed to 8 bytes. This document changes the definition to always encode 1-byte Recommended Cache Time values in the compact relative time value representation (Figure 5). 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | T_CACHETIME | Length = 1 | +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | COMPACT_TIME | +---------------+ 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ | T_CACHETIME | Length = 8 | +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ / / / Recommended Cache Time / / / +---------------+---------------+---------------+---------------+ Figure 5: Changes to the definition of the Recommended Cache Time TLV. Gündoğan, et al. Expires 2 March 2024 [Page 8] Internet-Draft TimeTLV for CCNx August 2023 The packet processing is adapted to calculate an absolute time from the relative time code based on the absolute reception time. On transmission, a new relative time code is calculated based on the current system time. 6. IANA Considerations This document has no IANA actions. 7. Security Considerations This document makes no semantic changes to [RFC8569], nor to any of the security properties of the message encodings of [RFC8609], and hence has the same security considerations as those two existing documents. Additional considerations need to be made in networks that deploy forwarders with support (updated forwarder) and without support (legacy forwarder) for this compact time representation: Interest Lifetime: A legacy forwarder interprets a time code as an Interest lifetime between 0 and 255 milliseconds. This may lead to a degradation of network performance, since Pending Interest Table (PIT) entries timeout quicker than expected. An updated forwarder interprets short lifetimes set by a legacy forwarder as time codes, thus configuring timeouts of up to 4 years. This leads to an inefficient occupation of state space. Recommended Cache Time: A legacy forwarder considers a Recommended Cache Time with length 1 as a structural or syntactical error and it SHOULD discard the packet (section 10.3.9 [RFC8569]). Otherwise, a legacy forwarder interprets time codes as absolute time values far in the past, which impacts cache utilization. 8. References 8.1. Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997, . [RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC 2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174, May 2017, . Gündoğan, et al. Expires 2 March 2024 [Page 9] Internet-Draft TimeTLV for CCNx August 2023 [RFC8569] Mosko, M., Solis, I., and C. Wood, "Content-Centric Networking (CCNx) Semantics", RFC 8569, DOI 10.17487/RFC8569, July 2019, . [RFC8609] Mosko, M., Solis, I., and C. Wood, "Content-Centric Networking (CCNx) Messages in TLV Format", RFC 8609, DOI 10.17487/RFC8609, July 2019, . 8.2. Informative References [ICNLOWPAN] Gündoğan, C., Kietzmann, P., Schmidt, T., and M. Wählisch, "Designing a LoWPAN convergence layer for the Information Centric Internet of Things", Computer Communications, Vol. 164, No. 1, p. 114–123, Elsevier, December 2020, . [IEEE.754.2019] Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, C/MSC - Microprocessor Standards Committee, "Standard for Floating-Point Arithmetic", June 2019, . [RFC5497] Clausen, T. and C. Dearlove, "Representing Multi-Value Time in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs)", RFC 5497, DOI 10.17487/RFC5497, March 2009, . [RFC7927] Kutscher, D., Ed., Eum, S., Pentikousis, K., Psaras, I., Corujo, D., Saucez, D., Schmidt, T., and M. Waehlisch, "Information-Centric Networking (ICN) Research Challenges", RFC 7927, DOI 10.17487/RFC7927, July 2016, . [RFC9139] Gündoğan, C., Schmidt, T., Wählisch, M., Scherb, C., Marxer, C., and C. Tschudin, "Information-Centric Networking (ICN) Adaptation to Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (LoWPANs)", RFC 9139, DOI 10.17487/RFC9139, November 2021, . Appendix A. Test Vectors The test vectors in Table 1 show sample time codes and their corresponding time values according to the algorithm outlined in Section 4. Gündoğan, et al. Expires 2 March 2024 [Page 10] Internet-Draft TimeTLV for CCNx August 2023 +===========+======================+ | Time Code | Time Value (seconds) | +===========+======================+ | 0x00 | 0.0000000 | +-----------+----------------------+ | 0x01 | 0.0078125 | +-----------+----------------------+ | 0x04 | 0.0312500 | +-----------+----------------------+ | 0x08 | 0.0625000 | +-----------+----------------------+ | 0x15 | 0.2031250 | +-----------+----------------------+ | 0x28 | 1.0000000 | +-----------+----------------------+ | 0x30 | 2.0000000 | +-----------+----------------------+ | 0xF8 | 67108863.0000000 | +-----------+----------------------+ | 0xFF | 125829120.0000000 | +-----------+----------------------+ Table 1: Test Vectors Appendix B. Efficient Time Value Approximation A forwarder frequently converts compact time into milliseconds to compare Interest lifetimes and the duration of cache entries. On many architectures, multiplication and division perform slower than addition, subtraction, and bit shifts. The following equations approximate the formulas in Section 4, and scale from seconds into the milliseconds range by applying a factor of 2^10 instead of 10^3. This results in an error of 2.4%. b == 0: 2^10 * a * 2^-3 * 2^1 * 2^-5 = a << 3 b > 0: (2^10 + a * 2^-3 * 2^10) * 2^b * 2^-5 = (1 << 5 + a << 2) << b Acknowledgments We would like to thank the active members of the ICNRG research group for constructive thoughts. In particular, we thank Marc Mosko and Ken Calvert for their valuable feedback on the encoding scheme and the protocol integration. Special thanks also to Carsten Bormann for his constructive in-depth comments during the IRSG review. Gündoğan, et al. Expires 2 March 2024 [Page 11] Internet-Draft TimeTLV for CCNx August 2023 Authors' Addresses Cenk Gündoğan Huawei Technologies Duesseldorf GmbH Riesstrasse 25 D-80992 Munich Germany Email: cenk.gundogan@huawei.com Thomas C. Schmidt HAW Hamburg Berliner Tor 7 D-20099 Hamburg Germany Email: t.schmidt@haw-hamburg.de URI: http://inet.haw-hamburg.de/members/schmidt Dave Oran Network Systems Research and Design 4 Shady Hill Square Cambridge, MA 02138 United States of America Email: daveoran@orandom.net Matthias Wählisch TUD Dresden University of Technology Helmholtzstr. 10 D-01069 Dresden Germany Email: m.waehlisch@tu-dresden.de Gündoğan, et al. Expires 2 March 2024 [Page 12]